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Category VFamily Law

Family Law Law

Articles on uncontested and contested divorce, the liquidation of the matrimonial property regime, alimony, custody and damages claims appear in this section. The provisions on family law in the Turkish Civil Code form the basis of these articles.

10 articlesWith statutory referencesAll Categories
LatestUncontested Divorce: Conditions, Procedure and Preparing the Protocol25 April 2026
18 April 2026

Grounds for Contested Divorce: Special and General Grounds under TMK m.161-166

Adultery, attempt on life, desertion, mental illness and the breakdown of the marital union

What are the grounds for contested divorce? Special and general grounds, burden of proof, time limits, and rules of practice.

The Turkish Civil Code divides grounds for divorce into special and general. The special grounds in m.161-165 are adultery, attempt on life or extremely poor/dishonourable treatment, commission of a crime and dishonourable life, desertion, and mental illness; the general ground in m.166 is the breakdown of the marital union at its foundations. The choice of ground must be made carefully, as it affects the burden of proof and the outcome.

Special Grounds for Divorce

TMK m.161 governs adultery, m.162 attempt on life and extremely poor or dishonourable treatment, m.163 commission of a crime and dishonourable life, m.164 desertion, and m.165 mental illness, all as special grounds. Where a special ground is proved, the judge does not separately weigh the gravity of fault; the existence of the ground is sufficient.

Actions based on adultery and attempt on life must be filed within six months of the spouse learning of the ground for divorce and in any event within five years of the act (TMK m.161/2 and m.162/2). These are statutory time bars; once they have lapsed, the action cannot be filed.

Divorce on Grounds of Desertion

Under TMK m.164, divorce may be sought where one spouse, with the intent of evading marital duties, deserts the other and the desertion has lasted at least six months, provided that the judicial or notarial warning has been served and the deserting spouse has not returned to the common dwelling within two months.

The warning must be served by the judge or the notary at the last known address of the deserting spouse, must grant a two-month return period, and must clearly state that the consequence of failure to return is a divorce action.

General Ground: Breakdown of the Marital Union

Under TMK m.166/1, where the marital union has been shaken at its foundations to a degree that the spouses can no longer be expected to maintain a common life, either spouse may bring an action for divorce. If the petitioner's fault is graver, the respondent has the right to object (TMK m.166/2).

In such cases the judge examines the parties' fault, whether the marriage has in fact become intolerable, and whether reconciliation is possible. The allocation of fault plays a decisive role in claims for damages and alimony.

Practical Considerations

In family-law matters, the legal assessment is made by taking into account the fault of the parties, the best interest of the children, their economic circumstances, and the lawfulness of the evidence. Message records, witness statements, bank transactions, medical reports and police reports become effective only when submitted in proper form.

Claims for divorce, support, custody, compensation and division of matrimonial property may produce independent outcomes. The petition must therefore clearly set out which claim is based on which facts and which evidence.

In disputes concerning children, the court takes into account the child's physical, emotional, educational and social needs rather than the parties' assertions. Social-investigation reports, school arrangements, health condition and the parents' communication style play an important role in the court's assessment.

Relevant Statutory Provisions

  • TMK m.161Adultery

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 161- Eşlerden biri zina ederse, diğer eş boşanma davası açabilir.
    Davaya hakkı olan eşin boşanma sebebini öğrenmesinden başlayarak altı ay ve her hâlde zina eyleminin üzerinden beş yıl geçmekle dava hakkı düşer.
    Affeden tarafın dava hakkı yoktur. 

    English summary (non-binding):

    Article 161- If one spouse commits adultery, the other may bring an action for divorce. The right of action lapses six months after the entitled spouse learns of the ground for divorce, and in any event five years after the act of adultery. The forgiving spouse has no right of action.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • TMK m.162Attempt on life, extremely poor or dishonourable treatment

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 162- Eşlerden her biri diğeri tarafından hayatına kastedilmesi veya kendisine pek kötü davranılması ya da ağır derecede onur kırıcı bir davranışta bulunulması sebebiyle boşanma davası açabilir.
    Davaya hakkı olan eşin boşanma sebebini öğrenmesinden başlayarak altı ay ve her hâlde bu sebebin doğumunun üzerinden beş yıl geçmekle dava hakkı düşer.
    Affeden tarafın dava hakkı yoktur.

    English summary (non-binding):

    Article 162- Either spouse may bring an action for divorce on the ground of an attempt on his or her life, extremely poor treatment, or seriously dishonourable conduct by the other. The right of action lapses six months after learning of the ground and in any event five years after its occurrence. The forgiving spouse has no right of action.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • TMK m.163Commission of a crime and dishonourable life

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 163- Eşlerden biri küçük düşürücü bir suç işler veya haysiyetsiz bir hayat sürer ve bu sebeplerden ötürü onunla birlikte yaşaması diğer eşten beklenemezse, bu eş her zaman boşanma davası açabilir.

    English summary (non-binding):

    Article 163- If one spouse commits a degrading crime or leads a dishonourable life, and the other cannot be expected to continue living with him or her on these grounds, that spouse may bring an action for divorce at any time.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • TMK m.164Desertion

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 164- Eşlerden biri, evlilik birliğinden doğan yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmemek maksadıyla diğerini terk ettiği veya haklı bir sebep olmadan ortak konuta dönmediği takdirde ayrılık, en az altı ay sürmüş ve bu durum devam etmekte ve istem üzerine hâkim veya noter tarafından yapılan ihtar sonuçsuz kalmış ise; terk edilen eş, boşanma davası açabilir. Diğerini ortak konutu terk etmeye zorlayan veya haklı bir sebep olmaksızın ortak konuta dönmesini engelleyen eş de terk etmiş sayılır.
    Davaya hakkı olan eşin istemi üzerine hâkim veya noter, esası incelemeden yapacağı ihtarda terk eden eşe iki ay içinde ortak konuta dönmesi gerektiği ve dönmemesi hâlinde doğacak sonuçlar hakkında uyarıda bulunur. Bu ihtar gerektiğinde ilân yoluyla yapılır. Ancak, boşanma davası açmak için belirli sürenin dördüncü ayı bitmedikçe ihtar isteminde bulunulamaz ve ihtardan sonra iki ay geçmedikçe dava açılamaz.

    English summary (non-binding):

    Article 164- Where one spouse, with the intent of evading marital duties, deserts the other, or fails to return to the common dwelling without just cause, and the separation has lasted at least six months and continues, and a judicial or notarial warning has been issued without effect, the deserted spouse may bring an action for divorce. The spouse who forces the other to leave the common dwelling, or prevents the other's return without just cause, is also deemed to have deserted. Upon the request of the entitled spouse, the judge or notary, without examining the merits, warns the deserting spouse to return to the common dwelling within two months and informs him or her of the consequences of failure to do so. The warning may be served by publication where necessary. The request for warning may not be made before the end of the fourth month of the statutory period, and the action cannot be filed until two months have passed since the warning.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • TMK m.165Mental illness

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 165- Eşlerden biri akıl hastası olup da bu yüzden ortak hayat diğer eş için çekilmez hâle gelirse, hastalığın geçmesine olanak bulunmadığı resmî sağlık kurulu raporuyla tespit edilmek koşuluyla bu eş boşanma davası açabilir.

    English summary (non-binding):

    Article 165- If one spouse is mentally ill and the common life thereby becomes intolerable for the other, the latter may bring an action for divorce, provided that an official medical board report establishes that the illness is incurable.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • TMK m.166Breakdown of the marital union

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 166- Evlilik birliği, ortak hayatı sürdürmeleri kendilerinden beklenmeyecek derecede temelinden sarsılmış olursa, eşlerden her biri boşanma davası açabilir.
    Yukarıdaki fıkrada belirtilen hâllerde, davacının kusuru daha ağır ise, davalının açılan davaya itiraz hakkı vardır. Bununla beraber bu itiraz, hakkın kötüye kullanılması niteliğinde ise ve evlilik birliğinin devamında davalı ve çocuklar bakımından korunmaya değer bir yarar kalmamışsa boşanmaya karar verilebilir.
    Evlilik en az bir yıl sürmüş ise, eşlerin birlikte başvurması ya da bir eşin diğerinin davasını kabul etmesi hâlinde, evlilik birliği temelinden sarsılmış sayılır. Bu hâlde boşanma kararı verilebilmesi için, hâkimin tarafları bizzat dinleyerek iradelerinin serbestçe açıklandığına kanaat getirmesi ve boşanmanın malî sonuçları ile çocukların durumu hususunda taraflarca kabul edilecek düzenlemeyi uygun bulması şarttır. Hâkim, tarafların ve çocukların menfaatlerini göz önünde tutarak bu anlaşmada gerekli gördüğü değişiklikleri yapabilir. Bu değişikliklerin taraflarca da kabulü hâlinde boşanmaya hükmolunur. Bu hâlde tarafların ikrarlarının hâkimi bağlamayacağı hükmü uygulanmaz.
    (Değişik dördüncü fıkra:14/11/2024-7532/13 md.) Boşanma sebeplerinden herhangi biriyle açılmış bulunan davanın reddine karar verilmesi ve bu kararın kesinleştiği tarihten başlayarak bir yıl geçmesi hâlinde, her ne sebeple olursa olsun ortak hayat yeniden kurulamamışsa evlilik birliği temelden sarsılmış sayılır ve eşlerden birinin istemi üzerine boşanmaya karar verilir.

    English summary (non-binding):

    Article 166- (1) If the marital union has been shaken to such a degree that the spouses can no longer be expected to maintain a common life, either spouse may bring an action for divorce. (2) If the petitioner's fault is graver, the respondent has the right to object; if such objection is an abuse of right and continuation of the marriage no longer protects the respondent or the children, divorce may still be granted. (3) If the marriage has lasted at least one year and the spouses apply jointly or one accepts the other's action, the marriage is deemed shaken; divorce requires the judge to hear the parties personally, be satisfied that their wills are freely expressed, and find their arrangement on the financial consequences and the children appropriate. The judge may make necessary amendments in the parties' and children's interests; if accepted, divorce is decreed. In this case, the rule that admissions do not bind the judge does not apply. (4) (as amended by Law No. 7532 of 14 November 2024) If a divorce action on any ground has been dismissed and one year has elapsed without re-establishment of a common life, the marriage is deemed shaken and divorce is granted on the application of either spouse.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

The statutory provisions are reproduced for information purposes only. The current and official text on mevzuat.gov.tr is authoritative.

Conclusion

In contested divorce, the choice of ground, time limits, evidence and allocation of fault must all be assessed together. Statutory time bars are critical for special grounds, while the impact on the marital union is paramount for the general ground.

This article is for information purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. If you would like professional assistance on a specific matter, you may request a consultation.

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