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Category IIEnforcement and Bankruptcy

Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law

This section covers debt collection, attachment, composition with creditors (concordato) and bankruptcy proceedings. The articles are prepared in light of the current provisions of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code (No. 2004) and the settled case law of the 12th Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation.

10 articlesWith statutory referencesAll Categories
LatestInitiating Enforcement Proceedings: Enforcement With and Without a Judgment18 April 2026
28 January 2026

Action for Annulment of Objection: Time Limit, Competent Court and Enforcement-Denial Damages

The route available to the creditor under İİK m.67

What is the action for annulment of objection, how is the one-year period calculated, what is the rate of enforcement-denial damages? The route to overcome an objection in the ordinary courts.

When non-judgment-based enforcement is stayed by the debtor's objection to the payment order, the creditor has two main routes to revive it: removal of the objection by the enforcement court, and the action for annulment of objection in the ordinary courts. The action under İİK m.67 often offers a wider scope of legal review, depending on the documents held by the creditor.

Legal Nature and Time Limit

The action for annulment of objection is by nature a performance action: it establishes the existence of the claim and also condemns the debtor. Under İİK m.67/1 the creditor must file within one year of service of the objection. If this period is missed, the route of continuing the stayed proceedings by annulment of objection is lost; the creditor may then sue for the claim under the general rules.

Competent Court and Jurisdiction

The competent court — civil court of first instance, commercial court of first instance or consumer court — depends on the nature and amount of the claim. The general rules of venue apply: the defendant's place of residence is competent. For contractual actions, CPC m.10 also makes the place of performance competent.

Enforcement-Denial Damages

Under İİK m.67/2, if the objection is found to be unjustified, on the creditor's request the court orders the debtor to pay enforcement-denial damages of not less than 20 % of the awarded amount. Such damages require the claim to be liquid (definite and calculable) and an explicit request by the creditor.

If the action is dismissed, bad-faith damages may be awarded in favour of the debtor; this requires proof that the creditor acted in bad faith and a request from the debtor (İİK m.67/2 last sentence).

Practical Considerations

In enforcement and bankruptcy proceedings, the choice of enforcement track must be determined by the basis of the claim and the available documents. Although ordinary enforcement, commercial-paper enforcement, judgment-based enforcement, preliminary attachment, composition with creditors and bankruptcy may pursue the same outcome, they differ in time limits, available objections and costs.

Dates of service, objection or payment deadlines, attachment requests, sale-request periods and complaint deadlines are the most critical stages of the file. For this reason the dates of service of the payment order, enforcement order, attachment record, valuation report and sale notice should be tracked in a separate schedule.

For the creditor, interest calculation, the clarity of the enforcement request and the inquiry into the debtor's assets are decisive; for the debtor, grounds of objection, claims of exempt assets and the possibility of a negative declaratory action must be assessed from the outset. Otherwise, a procedural oversight may eclipse a meritorious position.

Relevant Statutory Provisions

  • İİK m.67Action for annulment of objection and time limit

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 67 – (Değişik: 18/2/1965-538/37 md.)
    (Değişik birinci fıkra: 17/7/2003-4949/15 md.) Takip talebine itiraz edilen alacaklı, itirazın tebliği tarihinden itibaren bir sene içinde mahkemeye başvurarak, genel hükümler dairesinde alacağının varlığını ispat suretiyle itirazın iptalini dava edebilir.
    (Değişik: 9/11/1988-3494/1 md.) Bu davada borçlunun itirazının haksızlığına karar verilirse borçlu; takibinde haksız ve kötü niyetli görülürse alacaklı; diğer tarafın talebi üzerine iki tarafın durumuna, davanın ve hükmolunan şeyin tahammülüne göre, red veya hükmolunan meblağın yüzde yirmisinden aşağı olmamak üzere, uygun bir tazminatla mahkum edilir.
    İtiraz eden veli, vasi veya mirasçı ise, borçlu hakkında tazminat hükmolunması kötü niyetin sübutuna bağlıdır.
    Birinci fıkrada yazılı itirazın iptali süresini geçiren alacaklının umumi hükümler dairesinde alacağını dava etmek hakkı saklıdır.
    (Ek fıkra: 2/7/2012-6352/11 md.) Bu Kanunda öngörülen icra inkar tazminatı, kötü niyet tazminatı ve benzeri tazminatların tespitinde, takip talebi veya davadaki talep esas alınır.

    English summary (non-binding):

    A creditor whose request has been opposed may, within one year of service of the objection, apply to the court and sue, under the general rules, for annulment of the objection by proving the existence of the claim. If the debtor's objection is found unjustified, the debtor (or, where the creditor's pursuit is found unjustified and in bad faith, the creditor) is, on request of the other party, ordered to pay an appropriate sum not less than 20 % of the rejected or adjudged amount, taking into account the parties' situations and the nature of the case. Where the objector is a parent, guardian or heir, awarding damages against the debtor requires proof of bad faith. A creditor who misses the one-year period retains the right to sue under the general rules. The enforcement-denial damages, bad-faith damages and similar awards under this Code are determined by reference to the amount in the request or the claim in the action.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • İİK m.68Removal of objection by the enforcement court

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 68 – (Değişik: 18/2/1965-538/38 md.)
    (Değişik birinci fıkra: 17/7/2003-4949/16 md.) Talebine itiraz edilen alacaklının takibi, imzası ikrar veya noterlikçe tasdik edilen borç ikrarını içeren bir senede yahut resmî dairelerin veya yetkili makamların yetkileri dahilinde ve usulüne göre verdikleri bir makbuz veya belgeye müstenitse, alacaklı itirazın kendisine tebliği tarihinden itibaren altı ay içinde itirazın kaldırılmasını isteyebilir. Bu süre içerisinde itirazın kaldırılması istenilmediği takdirde yeniden ilâmsız takip yapılamaz.
    Borçlu itirazını varit gösterecek hiçbir belge ibraz edemezse icra mahkemesi itirazın kaldırılmasına karar verir.
    İtiraz birinci fıkrada gösterilen senet veya makbuz yahut belgeye müstenit ise itirazın kaldırılması talebi reddolunur.

    English summary (non-binding):

    Where the creditor's claim rests on a deed containing a debt acknowledgement whose signature is acknowledged or notarised, or on a receipt or document duly issued by an official body within its powers, the creditor may, within six months of service of the objection, request the enforcement court to remove the objection; otherwise no new enforcement without a judgment may be initiated. The court removes the objection if the debtor produces no document supporting it; if the objection itself rests on such a deed, receipt or document, removal is refused. (The article also regulates signature objections, monetary penalties for unjustified denial, conduct of the hearing, current-account credit specifics, and minimum 20 % damages payable to the prevailing party on the merits.)

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • İİK m.72Negative declaratory and restitution actions

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 72 – (Değişik: 18/2/1965-538/43 md.)
    Borçlu, icra takibinden önce veya takip sırasında borçlu bulunmadığını ispat için menfi tesbit davası açabilir.

    English summary (non-binding):

    The debtor may bring a negative declaratory action — before or during enforcement proceedings — to prove that no debt exists. (Provisions cover the precondition for interim measures (15 % security where filed before enforcement), the bar on staying ongoing enforcement, allocation of damages from the security if the action fails, the 20 % minimum bad-faith damages if the pursuit is found wrongful, conversion into a restitution action if the debt is paid during the proceedings, and the one-year forfeiture period for restitution by a debtor who did not object or whose objection was removed.)

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • HMK m.6General venue

    Original (Turkish, official):

    MADDE 6- (1) Genel yetkili mahkeme, davalı gerçek veya tüzel kişinin davanın açıldığı tarihteki yerleşim yeri mahkemesidir.
    (2) Yerleşim yeri, 22/11/2001 tarihli ve 4721 sayılı Türk Medenî Kanunu hükümlerine göre belirlenir.

    English summary (non-binding):

    The court of general venue is the court at the defendant's place of residence at the date the action is filed; place of residence is determined under the Turkish Civil Code (No. 4721).

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • HMK m.10Venue in contractual actions

    Original (Turkish, official):

    MADDE 10- (1) Sözleşmeden doğan davalar, sözleşmenin ifa edileceği yer mahkemesinde de açılabilir.

    English summary (non-binding):

    Actions arising from contracts may also be brought before the court at the place of performance of the contract.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • TBK m.117Default of the debtor

    Original (Turkish, official):

    MADDE 117- Muaccel bir borcun borçlusu, alacaklının ihtarıyla temerrüde düşer.
    Borcun ifa edileceği gün, birlikte belirlenmiş veya sözleşmede saklı tutulan bir hakka dayanarak taraflardan biri usulüne uygun bir bildirimde bulunmak suretiyle belirlemişse, bu günün geçmesiyle; haksız fiilde fiilin işlendiği, sebepsiz zenginleşmede ise zenginleşmenin gerçekleştiği tarihte borçlu temerrüde düşmüş olur. Ancak sebepsiz zenginleşenin iyiniyetli olduğu hâllerde temerrüt için bildirim şarttır.

    English summary (non-binding):

    The debtor of a matured debt falls into default upon notice from the creditor. Where the day of performance has been fixed jointly, or fixed by a party under a reserved contractual right by due notice, default arises on the lapse of that day; in tort, on commission of the act; in unjust enrichment, on the enrichment — though for a good-faith enrichee, notice is required.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

The statutory provisions are reproduced for information purposes only. The current and official text on mevzuat.gov.tr is authoritative.

Conclusion

The one-year period is the first thing to be checked in an action for annulment of objection. Liquidity of the claim, jurisdictional and venue rules and the request for enforcement-denial damages must be expressly stated in the petition.

This article is for information purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. If you would like professional assistance on a specific matter, you may request a consultation.

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