Kentkuran Hukuk
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Category IIEnforcement and Bankruptcy

Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law

This section covers debt collection, attachment, composition with creditors (concordato) and bankruptcy proceedings. The articles are prepared in light of the current provisions of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code (No. 2004) and the settled case law of the 12th Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation.

10 articlesWith statutory referencesAll Categories
LatestInitiating Enforcement Proceedings: Enforcement With and Without a Judgment18 April 2026
08 March 2026

Composition with Creditors (Konkordato): Conditions, Moratoria and Court Approval

A restructuring route for insolvent companies

What is composition (konkordato), how do the provisional and definitive moratoria work, what are the conditions for approval? The institutional procedure for relief from financial distress.

Composition (konkordato) is an institutional legal route allowing a debtor whose financial situation has deteriorated, or is at risk of deteriorating, to restructure debts with the approval of a specified majority of creditors and the confirmation of a court. Following the repeal of the postponement of bankruptcy in 2018, composition became the main rescue tool for over-indebted companies.

Application and Required Documents

An application for composition is made to the commercial court of first instance by the debtor or by a creditor entitled to seek bankruptcy (İİK m.285). The application is accompanied by the preliminary project, documents showing the financial situation, a list of creditors, the balance sheets and income statements of the last two years, and an independent audit report.

If the court finds that the documents listed in İİK m.286 are complete, it immediately issues a provisional moratorium decision and appoints a commissioner (one or three) to perform the statutory duties.

Provisional and Definitive Moratorium

The provisional moratorium lasts three months; the court may extend it by up to two more months. Upon the provisional moratorium, no new enforcement proceedings may be initiated against the debtor and existing ones are stayed. If, at the end of the provisional moratorium, the court is satisfied that the project may succeed, it grants a one-year definitive moratorium; in case of difficulty this may be extended by up to six months (İİK m.289).

During the definitive moratorium, the commissioner convenes the creditors' meeting and submits the project for approval. The composition is deemed accepted if approved by a majority exceeding half of the registered creditors and half of the claims, or by a majority exceeding one-quarter of the registered creditors and two-thirds of the claims (İİK m.302).

During the moratorium, the position of secured creditors, employee claims, new borrowings and transactions subject to the commissioner's permission must each be monitored; otherwise the project's feasibility may become contentious at the confirmation stage.

Confirmation and Its Effects

A composition accepted by creditors produces legal effect only upon confirmation by the commercial court (İİK m.305). The confirmation binds all creditors subject to the composition; the reductions and term extensions in the project apply by force of law.

Appeal and cassation against the confirmation decision are available (İİK m.308/a). A creditor against whom the composition is not performed may obtain partial setting aside as to himself (İİK m.308/e); each creditor may seek complete setting aside of a composition tainted by bad faith (İİK m.308/f).

Practical Considerations

In enforcement and bankruptcy proceedings, the choice of enforcement track must be determined by the basis of the claim and the available documents. Although ordinary enforcement, commercial-paper enforcement, judgment-based enforcement, preliminary attachment, composition with creditors and bankruptcy may pursue the same outcome, they differ in time limits, available objections and costs.

Dates of service, objection or payment deadlines, attachment requests, sale-request periods and complaint deadlines are the most critical stages of the file. For this reason the dates of service of the payment order, enforcement order, attachment record, valuation report and sale notice should be tracked in a separate schedule.

For the creditor, interest calculation, the clarity of the enforcement request and the inquiry into the debtor's assets are decisive; for the debtor, grounds of objection, claims of exempt assets and the possibility of a negative declaratory action must be assessed from the outset. Otherwise, a procedural oversight may eclipse a meritorious position.

Relevant Statutory Provisions

  • İİK m.285Composition application and competent court

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 285 – (Değişik: 28/2/2018-7101/13 md.)
    Borçlarını, vadesi geldiği hâlde ödeyemeyen veya vadesinde ödeyememe tehlikesi altında bulunan herhangi bir borçlu, vade verilmek veya tenzilat yapılmak suretiyle borçlarını ödeyebilmek veya muhtemel bir iflâstan kurtulmak için konkordato talep edebilir.
    İflâs talebinde bulunabilecek her alacaklı, gerekçeli bir dilekçeyle, borçlu hakkında konkordato işlemlerinin başlatılmasını isteyebilir.
    Yetkili ve görevli mahkeme; iflâsa tabi olan borçlu için 154 üncü maddenin birinci veya ikinci fıkralarında yazılı yerdeki, iflâsa tabi olmayan borçlu için yerleşim yerindeki asliye ticaret mahkemesidir.
    Konkordato talebinde bulunan, Adalet Bakanlığı tarafından yürürlüğe konulan tarifede belirtilen konkordato gider avansını yatırmaya mecburdur. Bu durumda 12/1/2011 tarihli ve 6100 sayılı Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanununun 114 üncü ve 115 inci maddeleri kıyasen uygulanır.

    English summary (non-binding):

    Any debtor who cannot pay debts as they fall due, or is at risk of being unable to do so, may seek composition in order to pay through term extensions or reductions or to avoid a probable bankruptcy. Any creditor entitled to seek bankruptcy may also request the initiation of composition proceedings against the debtor by a reasoned petition. The competent court is the commercial court of first instance — at the place specified in m.154/1 or /2 for a debtor subject to bankruptcy, and at the debtor's place of residence for a debtor not subject to bankruptcy. The applicant must deposit the composition cost advance set by the Ministry of Justice tariff; CPC m.114 and m.115 apply by analogy.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • İİK m.286Documents to be filed with the application

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 286- (Değişik: 28/2/2018-7101/14 md.)
    Borçlu, konkordato talebine aşağıdaki belgeleri ekler.
    a) Borçlunun borçlarını hangi oranda veya vadede ödeyeceğini, bu kapsamda alacaklıların alacaklarından hangi oranda vazgeçmiş olacaklarını, ödemelerin yapılması için borçlunun mevcut mallarını satıp satmayacağını, borçlunun faaliyetine devam edebilmesi ve alacaklılara ödemelerini yapabilmesi için gerekli malî kaynağın sermaye artırımı veya kredi temini yoluyla yahut başka bir yöntem kullanılarak sağlanacağını gösteren konkordato ön projesi.
    b) Borçlunun malvarlığının durumunu gösterir belgeler; borçlu defter tutmaya mecbur kişilerden ise Türk Ticaret Kanununa göre hazırlanan son bilanço, gelir tablosu, nakit akım tablosu, ara bilançolar, ticari defterlerin açılış ve kapanış tasdikleri ile elektronik ortamda oluşturulan defterlere ilişkin e-defter berat bilgileri, borçlunun malî durumunu açıklayıcı diğer bilgi ve belgeler, maddi ve maddi olmayan duran varlıklara ait olup defter değerlerini içeren listeler, tüm alacak ve borçları vadeleri ile birlikte gösteren liste ve belgeler.
    c) Alacaklıları, alacak miktarlarını ve alacaklıların imtiyaz durumunu gösteren liste.
    d) Konkordato ön projesinde yer alan teklife göre alacaklıların eline geçmesi öngörülen miktar ile borçlunun iflâsı hâlinde alacaklıların eline geçebilecek muhtemel miktarı karşılaştırmalı olarak gösteren tablo.
    e) (Değişik:6/12/2018-7155/13 md.) Kamu Gözetimi, Muhasebe ve Denetim Standartları Kurumunca yetkilendirilen bağımsız denetim kuruluşu tarafından Türkiye Denetim Standartlarına göre yapılacak denetim kapsamında hazırlanan ve konkordato ön projesinde yer alan teklifin gerçekleşeceği hususunda makul güvence veren denetim raporu ile dayanakları.

    English summary (non-binding):

    The debtor attaches to the composition application: (a) a preliminary composition project showing the rates and terms of payment, the corresponding reductions accepted by creditors, whether existing assets will be sold, and how the funds needed for operations and payments will be secured (capital increase, credit, etc.); (b) documents showing the debtor's financial position — if the debtor is bookkeeping-obliged, the latest balance sheet, income statement, cash-flow statement, interim balance sheets prepared on both going-concern and probable sale-value bases, opening/closing certifications of commercial books and e-book ratification data, other explanatory financial information, lists of tangible/intangible fixed assets at book value, and lists of all claims and debts with maturities; (c) a list of creditors, claim amounts and priority status; (d) a comparative table of the amounts creditors would receive under the project versus their probable share in bankruptcy; (e) an independent audit report — by an audit firm authorised by the Public Oversight Authority, conducted under Turkish Auditing Standards — providing reasonable assurance that the proposed project is realisable, together with its supporting documentation. The debtor must also produce any further document the court or commissioner requests.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • İİK m.287Provisional moratorium decision

    Original (Turkish, official):

    MADDE 287- (Değişik: 28/2/2018-7101/15 md.)
    Konkordato talebi üzerine mahkeme, 286 ncı maddede belirtilen belgelerin eksiksiz olarak mevcut olduğunu tespit ettiğinde derhâl geçici mühlet kararı verir ve 297 nci maddenin ikinci fıkrasındaki hâller de dahil olmak üzere, borçlunun malvarlığının muhafazası için gerekli gördüğü bütün tedbirleri alır.
    Mahkeme, geçici mühlet kararıyla birlikte konkordatonun başarıya ulaşmasının mümkün olup olmadığının yakından incelenmesi amacıyla bir geçici konkordato komiseri görevlendirir.
    Geçici mühlet üç aydır. Mahkeme bu üç aylık süre dolmadan borçlunun veya geçici komiserin yapacağı talep üzerine geçici mühleti en fazla iki ay daha uzatabilir. Geçici mühletin toplam süresi beş ayı geçemez.

    English summary (non-binding):

    Upon a composition application, where the documents in m.286 are complete the court immediately issues a provisional moratorium and takes all measures needed to preserve the debtor's assets, including those listed in m.297/2. Where a creditor has made the application, the moratorium is issued only if the debtor produces the m.286 documents in full within a reasonable time set by the court, at the creditor's cost. Failing this, both the moratorium and the application are refused. Together with the provisional moratorium, the court appoints a provisional commissioner to examine closely whether the composition may succeed; given the number of creditors and amounts, up to three commissioners may be appointed, including, where three are appointed, one independent auditor authorised by the Public Oversight Authority in the court's province. The provisional moratorium is three months; before its expiry, the court may, upon the debtor's or commissioner's request, extend it by up to two further months. The total provisional period may not exceed five months. Articles 291 and 292 apply by analogy. No legal recourse lies against decisions accepting the provisional moratorium request, appointing a provisional commissioner, extending the moratorium or taking measures.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • İİK m.289Definitive moratorium and its duration

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 289- (Değişik: 28/2/2018-7101/17 md.)
    Mahkeme, kesin mühlet hakkındaki kararını geçici mühlet içinde verir.
    Konkordatonun başarıya ulaşmasının mümkün olduğunun anlaşılması hâlinde borçluya bir yıllık kesin mühlet verilir.
    Güçlük arz eden özel durumlarda kesin mühlet, komiserin bu durumu açıklayan gerekçeli raporu ve talebi üzerine mahkemece altı aya kadar uzatılabilir.

    English summary (non-binding):

    The court decides on the definitive moratorium during the provisional period. To do so, it summons the debtor and any applying creditor to a hearing; the provisional commissioner files a written report beforehand and may attend if required. The court also considers the grounds raised by any objecting creditors. If the composition appears feasible, the debtor is granted a one-year definitive moratorium; the court may keep the existing commissioner in office and deliver the file. The court may also form a creditors' committee of up to seven members in odd number, unpaid, with the commissioner's opinion taken; the committee reflects the various creditor classes equitably and meets at least once a month, deciding by simple majority. In specially difficult cases, the moratorium may be extended by up to six months upon the commissioner's (or the debtor's) reasoned request, made before expiry, with the committee's opinion taken if any. Decisions granting, extending, or lifting the definitive moratorium and refusing the application are published and notified under m.288.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • İİK m.302Majority required for acceptance of the composition

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 302- (Başlığı ile Birlikte Değişik: 28/2/2018-7101/30 md.)
    Konkordato projesi;
    a) Kaydedilmiş olan alacaklıların ve alacakların yarısını veya
    b) Kaydedilmiş olan alacaklıların dörtte birini ve alacakların üçte ikisini,
    aşan bir çoğunluk tarafından imza edilmiş ise kabul edilmiş sayılır.

    English summary (non-binding):

    The commissioner chairs the creditors' meeting and reports on the debtor's situation; the debtor must attend to give explanations. The composition project is deemed accepted if signed by a majority exceeding either (a) half of the registered creditors and half of the claims, or (b) one-quarter of the registered creditors and two-thirds of the claims. Only creditors affected by the project vote. Privileged creditors of the first rank under m.206, the debtor's spouse and children, and the parents, siblings and parents of a former spouse are not counted in the creditor or claim majority. Secured claims are counted, for the unsecured portion, on the basis of valuations under m.298. The court decides whether and to what extent contested, conditional or undated claims are counted, subject to any later judgment. The minutes record acceptance and rejection votes. Late accessions within the seven days following the meeting are also valid. Within seven days of the close of accessions the commissioner files all composition documents and a reasoned report on acceptance and confirmation with the court.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • İİK m.305Conditions of confirmation

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 305- (Başlığı ile Birlikte Değişik: 28/2/2018-7101/33 md.)
    302 nci madde uyarınca yapılan toplantıda ve iltihak süresi içinde verilen oylarla kabul edilen konkordato projesinin tasdiki aşağıdaki şartların gerçekleşmesine bağlıdır:
    a) Adi konkordatoda teklif edilen tutarın, borçlunun iflâsı hâlinde alacaklıların eline geçebilecek muhtemel miktardan fazla olacağının anlaşılması;
    b) Teklif edilen tutarın borçlunun kaynakları ile orantılı olması;
    c) Konkordato projesinin 302 nci maddede öngörülen çoğunlukla kabul edilmiş bulunması.
    d) 206 ncı maddenin birinci sırasındaki imtiyazlı alacaklıların alacaklarının tam olarak ödenmesinin ve mühlet içinde komiserin izniyle akdedilmiş borçların ifasının yeterli teminata bağlanmış olması.
    e) Konkordatonun tasdikinin gerektirdiği yargılama giderleri ile harcın depo edilmiş olması.

    English summary (non-binding):

    Confirmation of a composition project accepted under m.302 (including accessions) requires: (a) in ordinary composition, the amount offered being greater than the amount creditors would probably receive in bankruptcy; in composition by abandonment of assets, the proceeds of realisation (or sum offered by a third party) being greater than the bankruptcy-liquidation amount; (b) the amount offered being proportionate to the debtor's resources (the court may also decide whether and how the debtor's expected entitlements are taken into account); (c) acceptance by the majority required in m.302; (d) full payment of m.206 first-rank privileged claims and performance of debts contracted under the commissioner's permission during the moratorium being secured by adequate guarantees, unless the creditor expressly waives this (m.302/6 applying by analogy); (e) deposit by the debtor, before the confirmation decision, of trial costs and any duty on the sums payable to creditors. The court may also, on its own motion or on request, require corrections if it finds the project insufficient.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

  • İİK m.308/fComplete setting aside of the composition

    Original (Turkish, official):

    Madde 308/f- (Ek: 28/2/2018-7101/37 md.)
    Her alacaklı, kötü niyetle sakatlanmış konkordatonun feshini tasdik kararını vermiş olan mahkemeden isteyebilir.
    Konkordatonun tamamen feshi kararı kesinleştiğinde durum 288 inci madde uyarınca ilân edilir ve ilgili yerlere bildirilir.
    308 inci madde hükmü bu hâlde de uygulanır.

    English summary (non-binding):

    Any creditor may request the court that confirmed the composition to set aside, in full, a composition tainted by bad faith. Once the setting-aside decision becomes final it is published and notified under m.288. The provisions of m.308 also apply in this case.

    Source: mevzuat.gov.tr · last reviewed: 2026-05-12

The statutory provisions are reproduced for information purposes only. The current and official text on mevzuat.gov.tr is authoritative.

Conclusion

Composition is a technical procedure that allows a debtor to restructure debts while preserving the business as a going concern. Truthful financial statements, project feasibility and accurate calculation of creditor majorities are decisive at the confirmation stage.

This article is for information purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. If you would like professional assistance on a specific matter, you may request a consultation.

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